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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pee Dee Belemnite</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Pee Dee Belemnite</b> auch <i>Peedee Belemnite</i> (abgekürzt <b>PDB</b>) ist ein verbreiteter Standard für die Messung von <a href="%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a>. Er stammt von einem marinen Fossil der Kreidezeit, einem Exemplar der <a href="Belemniten" title="Belemniten">Belemniten</a>-Art <i>Belemnitella americana</i>, aus der Peedee-Formation in <a href="South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (USA). Das <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C-Verhältnis dieses aus <a href="Calciumcarbonat" title="Calciumcarbonat">Calciumcarbonat</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) bestehenden Fossils ist aufgrund seines ungewöhnlich hohen <sup>13</sup>C-Gehaltes größer als in den meisten natürlichen Substanzen, wodurch die in anderen Proben gemessenen δ<sup>13</sup>C-Werte meist negativ sind.
</p><p>Es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {PDB} }=R_{\mathrm {PDB} }=0{,}011\,237\,2}">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {PDB} }=R_{\mathrm {PDB} }=0{,}011\,237\,2}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02cc5d485d5503ccdd842020efbbb6fe77464606.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.494ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {PDB} }=R_{\mathrm {PDB} }=0{,}011\,237\,2}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dieses Fossil wurde jedoch bald aufgebraucht, weshalb die <a href="Internationale_Atomenergie-Organisation" title="Internationale Atomenergie-Organisation">IAEO</a> in Wien einen artifiziellen Standard herausgab. Dieser hat ein geringfügig kleineres Isotopenverhältnis im Vergleich zum PDB. Zur eindeutigen Unterscheidung vom ursprünglichen Standard wird er als <i>VPDB</i> referenziert – das <i>V</i> steht hierbei für <i>Vienna</i>, den englischen Namen von Wien.
</p><p>Es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {VPDB} }=R_{\mathrm {VPDB} }=0{,}011\,180\,2}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {VPDB} }=R_{\mathrm {VPDB} }=0{,}011\,180\,2}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5880c6cfa739d6b5abb0fcce7e5c2e63322b2e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.959ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {VPDB} }=R_{\mathrm {VPDB} }=0{,}011\,180\,2}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Für <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C-Werte einer beliebigen Probe wird die Standardisierung wie folgt durchgeführt:
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta ^{13}\mathrm {C} _{\text{Probe}}=\left({\frac {^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\text{Probe}}}{^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {VPDB} }}}-1\right)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta ^{13}\mathrm {C} _{\text{Probe}}=\left({\frac {^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\text{Probe}}}{^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {VPDB} }}}-1\right)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d60850c812f2866bb8520d3328a1143074eb7de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:33.963ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta ^{13}\mathrm {C} _{\text{Probe}}=\left({\frac {^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\text{Probe}}}{^{13}\mathrm {C} /^{12}\mathrm {C} _{\mathrm {VPDB} }}}-1\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Ergebnis wird in Promille angegeben (beispielsweise −40&nbsp;‰ beim Ergebnis −0.040).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quellen">Quellen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allgemein">Allgemein</h3></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/~sisbl/stable.html">Overview of Stable Isotope Research.</a> Unterseite der alten Website der Arbeitsgruppe Stabile Isotope/Bodenbiologie (Stable Isotope/Soil Biology Laboratory, SISBL) des Institutes für Ökologie an der University of Georgia in Athens, GA (englisch)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h3></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Q. L. Zhang, T. L. Chang, W. J. Li.: <i>A Calibrated Measurement of the Atomic-weight of Carbon.</i> Chinese Science Bulletin. Bd.&nbsp;35, Nr.&nbsp;4, 1990, S.&nbsp;290–296.</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2022-11-14" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pee_Dee_Belemnite&amp;oldid=227975011">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
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